Heart Valve Disease

When the four main valves of your heart are working properly, they open to pump out blood to the rest of your body and close to keep blood from going backward into the heart. But if a valve doesn’t work as it should, it can keep your body from getting enough blood or cause the blood to seep back into the heart.

Problems with both the opening (stenosis) and closing (regurgitation) of valves require the heart to work harder, triggering shortness of breath, fatigue and other symptoms. Any valve in the heart can become diseased, but the aortic valve is the most commonly affected. Unless the valves are treated, stroke, heart failure and sudden cardiac death can occur.

Symptoms of Heart Valve Disease

The symptoms of heart valve disease can be tricky to pin down, which makes it even more important to report any new or irregular symptoms to your healthcare provider.

Some people may not have symptoms at all but still very much need treatment. Some may suddenly experience very noticeable symptoms – especially if the condition is severe. For others, the disease progresses slowly, and the heart compensates, minimizing the signs of heart valve problems.

At the same time, the symptoms don’t necessarily determine the seriousness of a person’s heart valve problems.

The physical signs of heart valve disease:

  • Chest pain or palpitations (rapid rhythms or skips)
  • Shortness of breath, difficulty catching your breath, fatigue, weakness or inability to maintain regular activity level
  • Lightheadedness or fainting
  • Swollen ankles, feet or abdomen

Types of Heart Valve Disease

With aortic valve regurgitation, the aortic valve doesn’t close tightly, causing blood to leak back into the heart’s left ventricle, and the heart has to work harder to pump blood to the body. When the condition develops over time, it’s called chronic. It may result from aging, rheumatic fever, enlargement of the aorta due to high blood pressure or hardening of the arteries or having a damaged valve at birth. Acute cases happen suddenly and are commonly caused by a heart infection (endocarditis), a tear in the aorta (dissection), trauma or problems with a replacement valve.

Caused by the narrowing of the valve, aortic valve stenosis impedes the flow of blood, which weakens the heart and causes blood to back up into the lungs. It may be caused by a congenital heart defect, a build-up of calcium on the valve, rheumatic fever or strep or other infections that weaken the valve.

When the mitral valve doesn’t close properly, mitral valve regurgitation can result, causing blood to flow back into the heart’s upper chambers. Chronic cases, when the condition develops gradually over time, are often caused by heart failure, rheumatic fever, a congenital disability or the build-up of calcium on the valve. Acute cases happen suddenly and can stem from heart damage due to a heart attack or infection (endocarditis).

With mitral valve stenosis, the valve narrows, which hinders the flow of blood. Blood may back up into the lungs. Most cases are due to rheumatic fever resulting from an untreated strep infection.

Tricuspid valve disease occurs when this function is impaired. The most common form of tricuspid disease, known as tricuspid regurgitation or insufficiency, occurs when the valve cannot close adequately, resulting in the backward leakage of blood into the right atrium with each heart contraction. Alternatively, the valve may become stiff and narrowed, preventing the forward flow of blood from the atrium to the ventricle, known as tricuspid stenosis.

Diagnosing Heart Valve Conditions

This procedure is conducted through a tube threaded through an artery to your heart, and it shows whether blood is flowing backward and how well valves are opening.

This test produces a detailed picture of your heart to help your doctor confirm that a valve is damaged.

This test allows doctors to check the size and shape of heart valves and chambers.

A test that lets your doctor look at the heart valves to see if they are leaking.

A test that looks for abnormal heart rhythm.

This EKG is conducted while you are exercising on a treadmill.

Treatment Options

Medications

There are no medications that can cure heart valve disease, though there are medications to reduce symptoms and to keep other problems from developing. Medications can:

  • Lower high blood pressure or high blood cholesterol.
  • Prevent arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats).
  • Thin the blood and prevent clots (if you have a man-made replacement valve). Doctors also prescribe these medications for mitral stenosis or other valve defects that raise the risk of blood clots.
  • Treat coronary heart disease. Medications for coronary heart disease can reduce your heart’s workload and relieve symptoms.
  • Treat heart failure. Heart failure medications widen blood vessels and rid the body of excess fluid.

Lifestyle Habits

Changes in your diet and physical activity may be helpful for reducing symptoms and preventing the progression of heart valve disease. For instance, you may benefit from lowering the amount of salt in your diet to reduce fluid retention. Exercise reduces heart disease risk factors like high cholesterol and blood pressure and can also help you lose excess pounds or maintain a healthy weight.

Talk to your doctor about what changes are appropriate for you. In general, a heart-healthy diet, regular exercise and medications prescribed for the prevention of heart-related problems, such as heart attack or high blood pressure, can also guard against heart valve disease.

  • Aortic Valve Replacement

    You may need the surgery if you have aortic stenosis and are experiencing symptoms. People with severe aortic regurgitation are also candidates.
    Aortic Valve Replacement

  • Mitral Valve Replacement

    This surgery replaces a damaged mitral valve with a man-made or tissue replacement valve to reduce symptoms of mitral stenosis/regurgitation. Learn more.
    Mitral Valve Replacement

  • Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)

    Narrowed valves cause the heart to work harder, causing chest pain and shortness of breath. Learn how transcatheter aortic valve replacement can help treat aortic valve stenosis.
    Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)

  • Valvuloplasty

    Valvuloplasty is a non-surgical procedure that opens a heart valve that has been narrowed by stenosis, helping the heart efficiently pump blood to the body.
    Valvuloplasty

Cardiovascular Services

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